Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 sport management department of physical education faculty in Kharazmi university
2 Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi
Abstract
Introduction: The growth of the global phenomenon of esports has created new opportunities and constraints for citizen participation. However, these constraints limit widespread public participation. This study examines the barriers to citizen participation by analyzing three groups of constraints (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural) based on Crawford’s model. The intrapersonal domain includes educational, psychological, and physiological constraints. These factors are related to the individual’s self-perception, emotional issues, and personal circumstances. Interpersonal constraints include social factors such as family support, virtual environments, team stress, and exposure to toxic behaviors. At last, structural constraints reflect broader issues such as economic, social, technological, and legal constraints.
Method: Data from 122 participants were collected using a questionnaire and improved using the Delphi method (three stages of improvement) and confirmed high validity. Internal consistency (Reliability) was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.813. To analyze the findings, repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences between subgroups, and post-hoc tests were used to determine the most influential constraint.
Results: Results showed that the most significant differences at the intrapersonal level were related to psychological and social factors, at the interpersonal level related to team dynamics and social attitudes, and at the structural level related to access to technology.
Conclusion: By identifying and prioritizing the most important constraints, this study provides a basis for creating more inclusive and supportive environments. Addressing these constraints can increase citizen participation and sustain the growth of the evolving esports ecosystem.
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