Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, University of Eyvanekey, Eyvanekey, Semnan, Iran.
2 Department of Physical Education Instruction, Farhangian University, Shahid Chamran Campus, Tehran, Iran.
3 Associate Professor, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
This study aimed to identify, analyze, and model the key factors influencing the successful development of handball in Iran, adopting an internationally-oriented performance perspective. A mixed-methods approach combining fuzzy Delphi and Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) was employed to extract critical indicators, examine causal relationships, and determine the hierarchical structure of these factors. The theoretical framework was based on the SPLISS model, which organizes determinants of international sporting success across inputs, capacities, and outputs. The study sample comprised 19 experts and executive managers in Iranian handball, selected for their academic and professional expertise, who participated in evaluating and refining the proposed indicators. The fuzzy Delphi process produced a validated set of key development factors, while ISM analysis revealed their hierarchical and interdependent relationships. Findings indicated that foundational and strategic factors—namely coaching quality enhancement, international networking, athlete support policies, and systematic monitoring and evaluation—serve as primary drivers of handball development. Complementary factors, including cultural development, financial resources, grassroots programs, integrated management, and the application of sports science and technology, function as supportive and reinforcing elements. The resulting five-level hierarchical model enables identification of independent, linkage, and dependent factors, offering a structured understanding of the internal dynamics of handball development in Iran. This framework provides policymakers and sports managers with a practical tool to allocate resources and implement interventions strategically, focusing on foundational and strategic levers to promote sustainable growth and enhance international competitiveness of Iranian handball.
Keywords
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